Saturday, February 25, 2023

Crowbough Ghyll. 24.02.23

Crowborough Ghyll is one of the High Weald Ghyll Woods

Gills – defined as deeply incised, wooded ravines that have been eroded by the streams flowing along their base – are a characteristic features of the High Weald AONB and found across the landscape. Although they support internationally important groups of plants (particularly lichens, mosses, liverworts and ferns) they remain understudied, and questions remain about their ecology, history and management – questions that this report helps to answer. High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty: New guidance for Kent and Sussex woods

An overview of the character and ecological significance of gill woodland in the High Weald AONB including results of some preliminary baseline surveys for population monitoring of selected rare vascular plants of gill woodland Philip Sansum BSc PhD December 2014. Key conclusions:

  • Gills are of very high environmental value but relatively weakly protected by the existing framework of nature conservation designation.

  • Effective conservation and management is hindered by both a lack of survey information and a poor understanding of the relationships between woodland management (and other human impacts) and gill woodland biodiversity.
  • Long-term biological survey work will be crucial in filling the knowledge gap and serving ongoing conservation efforts in gill woodlands.
  • Gill woods represent unique combinations of semi‐natural woodland features and for management purposes – because of the soil and vegetation sensitivity and year‐round wet conditions – many of the principles applied to wet woodlands (i.e. minimising rates of change, maintaining mature habitat, and extraction with extreme care and sensitivity to avoid ground damage etc.) should be followed.
The international and national ecological significance of these ghyll woodlands is that they support a unique assemblage of cryptogamic plants with both oceanic and sub-oceanic affiliations. Burnside et al 2006


Atrichum undulatum 



Brachythecium rutabulum 



Conocephalum conicum 



Graphis scripta




Lophocolea heterophylla 



Merzgeria furcata 



Mnium hornum 



Pellia Endiviifolia 



Pellia epiphylla 



Pseudotaxiphyllum elgans 


The landscape of the Ghyll:















Thursday, February 9, 2023

Liverworts at Hastings Country Park 07.02.23

Fairlight Glen and Ecclesbourne Glens in Hastings Country Park are famed for their bryophyte diversity. Fairlight Glen is the home of the rare Dumortier's LiverwortDumortiera hirsuta. I didn't manage to find any, this time, but I did find some beautiful common liverworts. 

Conocephalum conicum 


Lunularia cruciata


Pellia endiviifolia



Tuesday, February 7, 2023

Bryophytes of St Leonard's Forest 03.02.23

St Leonard's Forest was a large forest that covered much of the Weald of East and West Sussex; only fragments of this great forest remain. These photos were taken on a visit to the Forestry England's St. Leonard's Forest, and the remnants of St Leonard's Forest outside the Forestry England reserve, around Manning's Heath and Leechpool Woods

I saw 20 species of mosses and liverworts; I probably saw many more but didn't know they were different species. All of the identifications below are provisional; I am a beginner bryologist and may have got my IDs wrong!


St. Leonards Forest is an SSSI [Sight of Special Scientific Interest]


Map from DEFRA's Magic Maps

Reasons for Notification:

This site includes the remnants of a formerly more extensive deciduous forest on the Tunbridge Wells Sands (Hastings Beds) 3km east of Horsham. Examples of high forest remain and the ground vegetation is still varied, and the streams which cross the site retain relict flora from the ‘Atlantic’ period of same 5000 years ago. 

Much of the deciduous woodland is dominated by pedunculate oak Quercus robur with silver birch Betula pendula, common birch B. pubescens and beech Fagus sylvatica. The shrub layer includes holly Ilex aquifolium and hazel Corylus avellana with hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, blackthorn Prunus spinosa and guelder rose Viburnum populus.

Also included in the site are areas of conifer plantation, largely consisting of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris and Corsican pine P. nigra.

The ground flora of the deciduous woodland is dominated by bracken Pteridium aquilinum, bramble Rubus fruticosus and honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum, with bluebell

Endymion non-scriptus, primrose Primula vulgaris and common violet Viola riviniana. At Lilybeds there is a large colony of wild Lily-of-the-valley Convallaria majalis. In the more open areas of woodland, and along the rides in the plantations, species characteristic of heathland occur including ling Calluna vulgaris, cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix and ivyleaved bellflower Wahlenbergia hederacea.

The humid microclimate of sheepwash gill has enabled the ‘atlantic’ bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) Hookeria lucens, and Hyoconium flagellare to survive. The presence of these plants indicate the continuity of woodland cover at this site for the past 5000 years.

The damp areas adjacent to the gills have stands of alder Alnus glutinosa with common sallow Salix cinerea. Along the edge of Hawkins pond damp woodlands grade through alder and willow carr to emergent vegetation dominated by reedmace Typha latifolia with water plantain Alisma plantago-aquatica, bulrush Schoenoplectus lacustris and bladder sedge Carex vesicaria. Hawkins pond itself is largely free of floating vegetation although inthe shallow areas there are rafts of broad-leaved pondweed Potamogeton natans, yellow water lily Nuphar lutea and water crowfoot Ranunculus peltatus. The rare moss Micromitrium tenerum has been recorded on patches of drying mud, while the rare liverwort Riccia huebeneriana also occurs in the pond.


Dicranoweisia cirrata



Mnium hornum 





Kindbergia prealonga



Hookeria lucens 





Fissidens taxifolius



Polytrichastrum formosum 



Tortula muralis 


Bryumn capilare 



Polytrichum formosum 



Pellia epiphylla 



Brachythecium rutabulum



Thuidium tamariscinum 



Fissdens taxifolius 



Sphagnum, possbly S. palustre 








Campylopus flexuosus 



Calliergonella cuspidata 




Pelia sp.




Fissidens sp 



Conocephalum conicum 




Hypnum cupressifome


Balcombe. Lichens. 14.04.23

I visited Walk Wood and St Mary's Churchyard in Balcombe with a friend who is an expert lichenologist. All of these identifications were...